Hauv kev ua haujlwm tiag tiag, nws yog qhov nyuaj rau qhov muag liab qab kom raug saib xyuas cov kev hloov pauv me me hauv cov xim ntawm qhov taw qhia cov xim hloov xim. Cov neeg pom pom tias cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kua qaub-puag ntsuas hloov ntawm ib xim mus rau lwm qhov tsuas yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib qho kev hloov pauv pH, uas yog, nws tsuas tuaj yeem ua tiav thaum ib xim sib npaug li kaum npaug ntawm lwm cov xim. Txheeb xyuas nws cov xim hloov. Ib txhij nrog qhov kev hloov xim no, pH ntawm nruab nrab hloov ntawm ib tus nqi mus rau lwm qhov. Thaum pH tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj ntau dua pKHIn, [In-] yuav ntau dua [HIn] thiab thaum [In-]/[HIn]=10, cov tshuaj yuav qhia tag nrho cov xim ntawm cov alkaline tivthaiv. , thiab cov xim acid yuav raug them. Qhov no The pH ntawm cov tshuaj=pKHin + 1. Ib yam li ntawd, thaum tus nqi pH ntawm cov tshuaj tsawg dua pKHIn, [In-] yuav tsawg dua [HIn] thiab thaum [In-]/[HIn]=1/10, cov tshuaj yuav tag. qhia cov xim ntawm cov kua qaub, thaum cov xim alkaline npog, ces pH ntawm cov tshuaj=pKHIn - 1.
Nws tuaj yeem pom tias cov xim ntawm cov tshuaj hloov pauv nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm pH=pKHIin - 1 mus rau pH=pKHIn + 1. Qhov no yog hu ua xim hloov ntau yam ntawm qhov ntsuas, uas yog, xim hloov gamut. Tsis pub dhau qhov kev hloov pauv, thaum pH tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj hloov pauv, qhov sib piv ntawm cov alkaline tivthaiv thiab cov kua qaub hloov raws li, thiab cov xim ntawm qhov ntsuas kuj hloov. Tshaj li qhov no, piv txwv li, thaum pH Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau pKHIn + 1, tsuas yog xim alkaline pom; thiab thaum pH tsawg dua los yog sib npaug rau pKHIn - 1, tsuas yog cov xim acid xwb. Cov xim hloov pauv ntawm qhov ntsuas yog li ntawd kwv yees li 2 pH units. Vim qhov sib txawv rhiab heev ntawm tib neeg lub zeem muag rau ntau yam xim, thiab qhov taw qhia qhia cov xim sib xyaw hauv cov xim hloov xim, ob xim cuam tshuam rau ib leeg, yog li qhov kev soj ntsuam tiag tiag sib txawv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig theoretical. Cov xim hloov ntau ntawm cov ntsuas feem ntau yog tsawg dua 2 pH units.